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This paper examines and updates an earlier study of the liquidity of an extensive array of common stocks traded on NYSE/ASE/NML‐NASDAQ. It reports apparent variances in liquidity due to trading location and other variables. The paper suggests causes for these differences.

Focuses on the perceived value of a service by a customer, the perceived quality and value of a service, and the role of expectations, shortfalls, and bonuses in the valuation process. Considers on the implications of key relationships in the marketing and delivery of services. Characterizes customer perception of the perceived value of a service and quality of service in multivariate space. This model yields a value vector that summarizes the perceived value of a service and service quality to a customer. The perceived value vector summarizes the aggregate effects of variables of influence on perceived value. Relates service delivery to customer expectations. In this context, illuminates important issues related to exante versus ex post expectations. Introduces the concept of expectations‐delivery variance (EDV). Examines the concept of delivery shortfalls as well as delivery excess, with excess leading to bonus fulfillment. Shortfalls and bonuses have residual effects. Asserts that shortfalls and bonus effects have asymmetric affects in terms of residual influence on future perceptions of customer expectations of service value.

Focuses on critical issues related to variable cost drivers essential in establishing criteria or parameters to consider in the modification and/or design of production facilities. Key concepts and relationships influence the choice of alternative technologies and methods in the design, upgrading, modification, or expansion of manufacturing and process facilities. Cost relationships are important in evaluating whether to retain an existing facility or, alternatively, scrap the assets and “start over”. For brevity, focus is restriced to decisions concerning overhaul, modification, upgrade, expansion, abandonment, and fresh investment as “design”.

Individual decisions fall in the broad categories of instinctive, automatic, intuitive, deliberate, and impulsive. Decisions may be conscious, pre‐conscious, or unconscious. These broad categorizations serve as background for the thrust of this paper. Decisions occur if certain forces exceed a threshold. This paper centers on issues related to action thresholds in the context of marketing. The approach characterizes decision space of an individual in the context of multidimensional utility‐psychic space. Variables of different characteristics influence decision space and thresholds. Asserts that variables of influence in the psychic region of the mind play an especially important role in this decision space and in marketing. Offers a conceptual background on this decision space and thresholds and focuses on implications for marketing.

Gives a brief background to risk evaluation methods and measures. Offers a simple definition of risk which may be useful to the managers. Examines risk issues relative to the statement of income, which allows a review of factors contributing to risk. Categorizes the origins of risk. Finally, provides a practical analysis and scoring system to help the analyst and manager assess risk, make decisions and manage in a risky environment.

This paper examines the critical importance of specific legal foundations common to economies that have developed and now enjoy high standards of living. It explains the economic cycle and identifies the importance of a legal system to all types of capital and to the operation of the cycle to satisfy human need fulfillment. The paper also addresses how one economy’s lack of rudimentary legal foundations can contaminate or adversely affect extant economies, including well‐developed economies. It offers a prescription for legal elements essential to all economies that aspire to a “free market” and argues why leaders, policy makers, and providers of capital should promote and even insist on such foundations in emerging and transition economies. This paper should appeal to a broad array of individuals with an interest in the role of law in emerging and transition economies, including researchers, policy makers, strategists, and analysts.

Adoption of mental horizons of a global nature have prompted a variety of interests and developments. The trend will continue, especially in the areas of economics and business. This development has been accompanied by the globalisation and increased interest in international equity and credit investments and the development of currency, money, capital, and even commodities markets.

Proposes the concept of “An exclusive Value Principle” as an explanation for the attainment of brandexclusivity. Argues that positioning a brand carefully with prestige pricing approach reinforces a positive, even exclusive, brand image in the mind of the customer. Presents relationships between an exclusive value, market price, margin, risk, and firm value. Identifies 17 marketing strategy alternatives for achieving favourable high‐price positioning.

This issue of Managerial Finance focuses on factors related to the critical long term decisions for a firm. What it should do, and what capital investments are necessary to attain its goals. The right goals, the appropriate capital resources, and effective management will lead to success. Capital investments are for the tomorrows. That characteristic of capital investments must command attention from corporate leaders and managers.

Technology offers great opportunities to firms. Successfully bringing the benefits of technology to market and realizing favourable returns requires a careful balance and management of a host of factors. The critical test of such efforts occurs where and when technology “meets the market”, resources and great efforts will only yield returns if one meets the market. Focuses on push versus pull marketing forces and their importance in technology assessment, policy, strategy, and the management of efforts to successfuly exploit technology. It defines characteristics of push versus pull forces, addresses the importance of economic, social, political and technical forces, and discusses factors of importance to the marketing analyst and strategist. It provides force assessment guidelines and an evaluation and scoring worksheet to evaluate and summarize factors which will determine the success or failure of a technology‐based effort. In addition, this assessment scheme is useful in a variety of other situations and environments. Includes examples related to the private and government sectors.